Conceptual techniques for reducing parasitic current gain of lateral pnp transistors

Two techniques have been conceptually proposed as possible means of reducing parasitic beta in lateral p-n-p transistors. One method uses a degenerate substrate and high concentration P /plus/ guard-ring diffusion, another places the base contact at the center of an annular ring structure

Phase boundaries in deterministic dense coding

We consider dense coding with partially entangled states on bipartite systems of dimension $d\times d$, studying the conditions under which a given number of messages, $N$, can be deterministically transmitted. It is known that the largest Schmidt coefficient, $\lambda_0$, must obey the bound $\lambda_0\le d/N$, and considerable empirical evidence points to the conclusion that there exist states satisfying $\lambda_0=d/N$ for every $d$ and $N$ except the special cases $N=d+1$ and $N=d^2-1$. We provide additional conditions under which this bound cannot be reached -- that is, when it must be that $\lambda_0<d/N$ -- yielding insight into the shapes of boundaries separating entangled states that allow $N$ messages from those that allow only $N-1$. We also show that these conclusions hold no matter what operations are used for the encoding, and in so doing, identify circumstances under which unitary encoding is strictly better than non-unitary.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

International Trade and the Environment: A Framework for Analysis

This paper sets out a general equilibrium pollution and trade model to provide a framework for examination of the trade and environment debate. The model contains as special cases a canonical pollution haven model as well as the standard Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor endowments model. We draw quite heavily from trade theory, but develop a simple pollution demand and supply system featuring marginal abatement cost and marginal damage schedules familiar to environmental economists. We have intentionally kept the model simple to facilitate extensions examining the environmental consequences of growth, the impact of trade liberalization, and strategic interaction between countries.

Coherency in space of lake and river temperature and water quality records

Environmental time series observed over 100’s of monitoring locations usually possess some spatial structure in terms of common patterns throughout time, commonly described as temporal coherence. This paper will apply, develop and compare two methods for clustering time series on the basis of their patterns over time. The first approach treats the time series as functional data and applies hierarchical clustering while the second uses a state-space model based clustering approach. Both methods are developed to incorporate spatial correlation and stopping criteria are investigated to identify an appropriate number of clusters. The methods are applied to Total Organic Carbon data from river sites across Scotland

Numerical solutions of the linearized Euler equations for unsteady vortical flows around lifting airfoils

A linearized unsteady aerodynamic analysis is presented for unsteady, subsonic vortical flows around lifting airfoils. The analysis fully accounts for the distortion effects of the nonuniform mean flow on the imposed vortical disturbances. A frequency domain numerical scheme which implements this linearized approach is described, and numerical results are presented for a large variety of flow configurations. The results demonstrate the effects of airfoil thickness, angle of attack, camber, and Mach number on the unsteady lift and moment of airfoils subjected to periodic vortical gusts. The results show that mean flow distortion can have a very strong effect on the airfoil unsteady response, and that the effect depends strongly upon the reduced frequency, Mach number, and gust wave numbers

Numerical solution of periodic vortical flows about a thin airfoil

A numerical method is developed for computing periodic, three-dimensional, vortical flows around isolated airfoils. The unsteady velocity is split into a vortical component which is a known function of the upstream flow conditions and the Lagrangian coordinates of the mean flow, and an irrotational field whose potential satisfies a nonconstant-coefficient, inhomogeneous, convective wave equation. Solutions for thin airfoils at zero degrees incidence to the mean flow are presented in this paper. Using an elliptic coordinate transformation, the computational domain is transformed into a rectangle. The Sommerfeld radiation condition is applied to the unsteady pressure on the grid line corresponding to the far field boundary. The results are compared with a Possio solver, and it is shown that for maximum accuracy the grid should depend on both the Mach number and reduced frequency. Finally, in order to assess the range of validity of the classical thin airfoil approximation, results for airfoils with zero thickness are compared with results for airfoils with small thickness

Trade, Tragedy, and the Commons

We develop a theory of resource management where the degree to which countries escape the tragedy of the commons is endogenously determined and explicitly linked to changes in world prices and other possible effects of market integration. We show how changes in world prices can move some countries from de facto open access situations to ones where management replicates that of an unconstrained social planner. Not all countries can follow this path of institutional reform and we identify key country characteristics (mortality rates, resource growth rates, technology) to divide the world's set of resource rich countries into Hardin, Ostrom and Clark economies. Hardin economies are not able to manage their renewable resources at any world price, have zero rents and suffer from the tragedy of the commons. Ostrom economies exhibit de facto open access and zero rents for low resource prices, but can maintain a limited form of resource management at higher prices. Clark economies can implement fully efficient management and do so when resource prices are sufficiently high. The model shows heterogeneity in the success of resource management is to be expected, and neutral technological progress works to undermine the efficacy of property rights institutions.

A Simple Model of Trade, Capital Mobility, and the Environment

This paper examines the interaction between relative factor abundance and income-induced policy differences in determining the pattern of trade and the effect of trade liberalization on pollution. If a rich and capital abundant North trades with a poor and labor abundant South, then free trade lowers world pollution. Trade shifts the production of pollution intensive industries to the capital abundant North despite its stricter pollution regulations. Pollution levels rise in the North while those in the South fall. These results can be reversed however if the North-South income gap is "too large," in this case, the pattern of trade is driven by income-induced pollution policy differences across countries. Capital mobility may raise or lower world pollution depending on the pattern of trade.